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星期三, 8月 08, 2012

e起來,讓省錢PRO教你必賺絕招




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 e起來,讓省錢PRO教你必賺絕招                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                    
 原來省錢也可以這麼簡單。只要抓住節省成本的3個法則,從採購、教育訓練,到經常性小支出,省錢效果絕對看得見。就讓「有夠PRO」的省錢高手,傳授你必賺絕招
                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                    




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 採訪‧撰文=廖國寶                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 「春天的第一隻燕子」究竟來了沒有?台幣重貶到34.5美元兌一美元,股市跌破5000點,經濟成長率面臨保44%)激戰,失業率創下近20年新高的4.2%,台灣人心惶   
 惶。                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 根據經濟部統計,今年以來,外銷訂單持續減少,累計15月比去年同期衰退4.16%,而5月份與去年同期相比,更減少13.96%。一向被視為國營事業金雞母的台電公司,
 今年4月虧損超過新台幣16億元,主因之一是公司及工廠倒閉家數增多,用電量也跟著減少。「再這樣下去,核四就不用蓋了,核三、核二都可以關了,」一位企業主管 
 苦笑著說。                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 位於新竹工業區內的封裝廠訊捷半導體6月宣布解散,成為台灣今年第一家結束營業的封裝廠。訊捷今年產能利用率急速惡化,近期多筆信用狀借款陸續到期,卻增資困 
 難,被迫結束營業。從今年2月開始,訊捷已無法支付員工薪資,解散時累計虧損已經超過10億元。                                                             
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 節省成本才能安度難關                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 「只有設法節省成本(cost down),企業才能安度難關,」遠擎企管顧問公司資深顧問李傳霖說:「節省成本和獲利是一體兩面的事。不景氣,賺錢難,省一塊錢,就 
 等於賺一塊錢,等於業績十塊錢。」透過企業內部管理政策改善、流程合理化或組織重整,「也都可以達到節省成本的效果,不會產生負面影響,效果亦不輸裁員,」李
 傳霖說。                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 他進一步分析,節省成本可以區分成三種不同層次,各是三條曲線,第一條曲線為管理策略,也就是制訂新的管理策略來節省成本;第二條曲線為企業e化,透過e化改造
 流程節省成本;第三條曲線是創意,透過創新的產品或工作方法,達到節省成本的效果。「由下而上,成本節省效果越好,是跳躍式的效果,」他說。                
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 省錢法則1:每年降低成本,多賺20%                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 裕隆集團就是透過改善管理策略來節省成本的例子。今年1月,裕隆集團旗下的中華及裕隆兩家汽車廠,就在集團執行長嚴凱泰的主持下,實施「成本遞減政策」,透過 
 聯合採購原料與零組件,加上內部嚴格控管成本,計劃3年內,成本要降低20%。裕隆汽車發言人韓正平估計,光是15月,就已經節省了4億元,以裕隆汽車毛利率12%
 算,等於是幫公司創造了33幾億元的營業額。                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 KISS聯播網也是從內部管理策略下手。因為在台北、台中、高雄、台南等地都有分台,原來要花費不少國內長途電話費互相聯絡,但最近台內全體員工的電腦都裝上    
 ICQ,透過網路溝通訊息,省了電話費。另外,員工離開座位超過10分鐘,一定要關閉電腦螢幕,節約用電,離開更久的話則要把電腦關機。紙杯也是節省重點,過去   
 KISS會印製自家電台圖形的紙杯,現在也省下這筆開支,改用馬克杯待客。                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 短期來說,管理策略的確能夠發揮省錢效果,但時間拉長,曲線逐漸平緩,節省效果遞減,長期而言,e化比管理策略,更能帶來節省成本的積極效果。               
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 省錢法則2:用e代替,1個人做3個人的事                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 透過e化,改造企業流程,提昇效率,更能精簡成本。去年每股賺近4元的通路商聯強,總經理杜書伍說:「提升績效,其實就是節省成本。」                        
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 杜書伍說,通路商的毛利率只有個位數,賺錢的唯一方式就是用更快的速度服務更多的客戶,節省成本則是伴隨而來的效果。聯強從1995年開始發展一套整合上、下游的
 物流系統,把通路從上游到下游全面e化,不僅速度更快,可以販賣更多商品,同時也達到節省人力成本的效果,聯強去年就因此省了12.6億元的運輸及人力成本。     
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 走進聯強的辦公室,視線彷彿由彩色變黑白,內部陳設和規劃井然有序,少有裝飾。而辦公桌之間亦略顯擁擠,為了善用空間,聯強的辦公室走道,規定「永遠只有60
 分」。                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 然而e化該從何處著手,才能有效節省成本?首席電子商務總經理李浩正指出,首先要從精簡流程開始,將每一件工作的流程攤開來,找出哪些流程在浪費成本。台塑總 
 管理處副主任王瑞瑜指出,台塑集團從1984年開始推行e化,唯一的理念就是管理合理化,精簡流程。                                                           
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 因為流程精簡,17年來台塑集團節省了74%的間接人力。王瑞瑜指出,198312月,台塑集團5家公司當時營業額是682億元,共有1793名間接人員,到了去年,同樣5家公
 司的營業額已經增加到2337億元,增加2.5倍,但是人員反而減少48名,變為1745個人。王瑞瑜強調,從682億增加到2337多億,人員編制本來應該放大為5879人,原本應
 該由3個人來做的事,現在只要1個人就能完成。因為e化的關係,省下了70%人力。以一個人平均一個月8萬元成本來計算,17年足足省下了近40億元。                 
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                      
 在採購原物料上面,台塑集團70餘家公司,從傳統的人工紙上作業,進步到用網路做線上採購,採購人員從1984年的121人減少為去年的79人,但是每人每月處理的案   
 件,卻從131件增加到662件,效率提升4倍,而且每年從採購流程精簡、人事成本減少、存貨周轉天數減少等等加起來,平均節省23%的採購成本,換算成金額,光是去年
 就節省了414億元。                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 來到台塑集團台北大樓的資訊中心,近百坪的空間中,只有不到10名員工,陪伴一部部大型列印機列印著傳自各關係企業的報表,和一長排默默運作的電腦,整個台塑集
 團的資訊都在這裡集中處理,省卻了關係企業的人力。                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 企業應該關注的,不只是管理策略或e化改造流程的cost down效果,從積極面來看,更應善用e工具,推出創新的產品或工作方法,為企業創造倍數獲利。             
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 省錢法則3:加點創意,2億發揮10億的效果                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 e化加上創意,能夠發揮的效果比單用e化精簡流程更勝一籌。創意能把一分錢,發揮十分的效力,所能創造的獲利,可能是投入無以數計的成本,都難以達成的效果,因
 此省下成本也是難以估計的。                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                      
 華信銀行是箇中翹楚,去年初推出的e化商品「MMA投資管理帳戶」,就是創意的商品。                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 所謂的「MMA」,是把華信企業團所有關係企業的金融商品(例如存款、證券等等),透過網際網路整合起來,讓客戶透過網路就可以管理帳戶,「例如客戶借錢還     
 款,MMA會自動幫客戶選擇最高利率的款項先還,幫客戶省很多利息,」華信銀行個人金融部副總經理賈堅一說。                                                 
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 華信銀行推出MMA之後,客戶增加了42%,存款業務增加了三成,放款業務增加了二成,去年一整年替華信銀行創造了4.4億元獲利,今年預估還將高達10億元。此外,關 
 係企業金華信銀證券在網路下單的市佔率,從19998月的「零」,一路竄升到去年9月的8.8%,今年5月更高達9.8%,只比第二名的元大京華證券少0.1%             
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 「在過去就算投入超過10億元做既有的金融商品,也做不出這樣的成績來,而華信只投入約2億元做MMA這項e化商品,」賈堅一說:「這是一個創新的產品,它的成本無 
 從估算,因為它是是無價的。」                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 而創新型的工作方法,「協作商務」(collaborative commerce)就是一例。在台灣外商公司中,採購量第一的康柏電腦,從一開始的產品設計,到最後決定採購哪些原
 料,到完成產品,到出貨,甚至是送貨流程,都和台灣的供應商使用網際網路共同合作,線上完成所有研發及生產流程,透過這種「協作商務」的工作方法,去年為台灣
 康柏節省了150億元新台幣的採購成本。                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 e化為企業創造長期價值                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 e化的短期效果在於節省成本,長期而言,則是調整企業體質。透過e化「塑身」,企業得以提昇經營效率,強化體質,在快速變遷的全球化市場中,具備實力迎向國際舞
 台。                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                     
 聯強從1995年初步完成物流系統之後,營業額馬上從1994年的49億元跳升到72億元,1996年更超越宏碁科技,登上資訊通路龍頭。透過e化,聯強儼然成為高效率的物流 
 服務公司。對聯強總經理杜書伍來說,聯強的下一個挑戰在國際舞台,包括在大陸、香港、澳洲及泰國等地建立物流體系,而物流e化的成功經驗將是聯強立足世界的基 
 石。                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 對裕隆集團執行長嚴凱泰來說,裕隆集團的長期佈局是以台灣為研發基地,實現兩岸汽車王國的美夢。裕隆集團與大陸排名第三大汽車集團武漢東風集團展開汽車製造、
 行銷、融資貸款及汽車週邊商品等全方位合作,雙方合資人民幣1億元成立東風裕隆營銷總公司,預計今年下半年開始營運。企業e化正是這個美夢不可少或缺的基礎建  
 設。嚴凱泰說:「Internet的好處,就是讓我們這些零件廠、這些business可以面向全世界。」                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                      
 台塑e化節省了414億元,康柏省了150億元,聯強省了12.6億元。華信的例子更顯示,e化不僅為企業節省成本,更讓企業獲利倍增。化妝品代理商肯夢董事長朱平說,e 
 化的效果太大了。他強調,e化目的豈止省錢,而是為企業創造與眾不同的競爭力,跑在別人前頭,「不只為短暫生存而e化,更要為創造長期價值e化。」             
                                                                                                                                                      




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